Pencil, then ink.

It's simple, perhaps cliched, but powerful. Lee Ames had a great series of books on drawing (Draw 50 animals):

(amazon)

(source)

The cover reveals it all. How do you draw an elephant?

• Pencil the structure using ovals, rectangles, and so on
• Ink the final result, taking the lines you want
• Erase the underlying pencil structure, revealing the elephant

Why's this special? The key to learning is understanding the pencil structure -- the scaffolding that's not always present in that final, finished elephant. Let's see how this analogy relates to learning.

Tracing Math

Is tracing different from drawing? You bet. Tracing is mimicry -- we don't know why a line is there. We just start in one corner and work our way around. Sure, we might make a pretty elephant -- but can we draw one with a different trunk? Standing on two hind legs? Probably not.

Math is similar: we "teach" by tracing a student through the steps of a proof. But there's an underlying pencil structure that was in the mind's eye of the proof's author that we're not seeing. We're walking the student along the drawing ("Here is the head, here is the trunk, here is the leg") without show the mindset that created the proof ("The head is an oval, connected to a larger oval for the body; the legs are cylinders, which we smooth out.").

If we're lucky, the student generalizes the steps and creates their own pencil structure.

But why? Why do we leave the most interesting part of understanding to private contemplation? I love discovering these "aha" moments that put the result into place -- what's the mental map that made the facts snap together?

When we share insights we can stop "tracing math" and begin drawing on our own. It's way more satisfying.

Creation Vs. Understanding

What's the point of education: the results or understanding?

If the goal are results, then art class should be about using stencils and tracing to make perfect representations. If the goal is understanding, then we should take out the pencils, make our lumpy apples and lopsided bananas and try our hand at still lifes.

It's seldom either-or: we want results and understanding. Unfortunately, we focus on results because they're easier to test (Can you plug X into these formulas and get the right answer?). I'm here to remind us that we need to understand what's happening too.

Rigor and Intuition

I've struggled how to reconcile rigor and intuition -- both have their role, but how do they fit? The drawing analogy captures my feelings:

• Rigor (permanent inked lines) helps cement ideas after the intuitive pencil structure has been put into place

Focusing on rigor prematurely creates fear and trepidation -- "What if I'm wrong?", and encourages people to trace the inked results instead of learning how to experiment on their own. It makes you think math (or any subject) is something you get right or not at all. Which isn't the case -- many (most?) results have been developed intuitively and cemented later.

Rigor/ink is emphasized because it's the only thing visible; I want to champion the (now-invisible) pencil lines which laid the original groundwork.

The Myth Of The Perfect Formula

Before seeing the Ames book, I thought you drew by starting in one corner and filling in the figure. Some experts may do that (more later), but the "normal way" to draw is by starting with a penciled foundation.

We know writers need drafts. But do we allow drafts in learning? Are we so concerned with reproducing inked results that we discourage or ignore the pencil?

Math developed through wayward paths and missed connections, not always by the smooth progression we see in our classroom syllabus. Showing only the final results makes it appear like it's supposed to progress linearly and unwaveringly. Maybe discussing how zero, negatives, and imaginary numbers were initially distrusted (and embraced) would help us empathize with students embracing the idea.

I chuckle that we "matter of factly" introduce imaginary numbers when the experts of the time had objections. They're difficult, non-intuitive concepts (at first) -- it's ok to admit that we had some rough drafts crumpled in the corner.

Wayward paths can help us better understand the correct ones.

Learning: Seeing the Structure

After my frustrations with learning new concepts, I've taken the philosophy that some structure must exist. When I see a new concept (an inked bird, for example) I really think there must be some collection of shapes that make it make sense.

If I'm having trouble, I blame my approach -- I'm just not seeing the idea in the same way as its inventor. Maybe someone else has written about it, or there's an analogy to another idea.

But what if there's no underlying structure, just a perfect, inked elephant without eraser marks? It's possible.

After you internalize an idea, you start thinking directly in ink. We don't "draw" the letter A in pencil -- we just write A because we're so familiar with it. Practice moves ideas into the "ink-only" stage, which let us work on bigger ideas. For example, you need need to commit arithmetic to "muscle memory" before you can understand algebra. If you can write arithmetic, you can learn to draw algebra. Once you can write algebra, you can draw calculus. And so on -- if you don't get arithmetic, Calculus (with its pencil-lines in algebra) will still look like a jumble.

Revealing Structures

We often look back and add the original pencil lines to finished works:

• Design Patterns in programming -- abstract ways to find similarities between programming solutions
• Grid Layout in graphic design: A general structure to organize content
• Monomyth in storytelling -- a common pattern popular stories take

Sometimes we create "nice-looking elephants" through trial and error. Later on, we realize there's a common structure that can simplify future efforts. True learning is about discovering and exploring these structures, not simply generating the pretty elephants.

Do Experts Teach Best?

Who should teach? The person who just "sees" the elephant from day 1, or the one who learned to break it down and construct it? Imagine taking an art class from Stephen Wiltshire (this panorama of Rome was drawn from memory):

Drawing a city after a helicopter ride is an amazing gift -- but I doubt it's transferrable. He goes far beyond the underlying pencil structure that "regular" artists would need.

Beginners need the pencil marks -- experts who've internalized them sometimes forget that. True learning happens when people can recreate that structure in their minds. When the experts can remember what it was like to not "see it all at once", then real learning can happen.

I want to share the pencil sketches that evolved into the elephant, instead of erasing them and pretending that I, too, can just draw from memory.

Final Thoughts

I'm sure there's more analogies hidden in there somewhere. The process of drawing -- pencil structure, inked result -- captures thoughts about learning that have been rattling in my head.

Don't learn by tracing: find (or invent!) those pencil structures. Seeing the pencil lines makes the idea become your own: you can modify it, combine it with others, or just appreciate it at a deeper level. And that's the joy of learning.

Math, BetterExplained captures key insights as a readable, printable ebook. It's not another math course -- experience the "aha!" moments that make ideas actually click.

You could never forget what a circle is for, right? I want you to have the same realization about e, the natural log, imaginary numbers, and more.

What's inside?

• 12 chapters drawn from the blog articles, essential to any student:
  • Contents
  • Introduction
  • 1. Developing Math Intuition (Chapter preview)
  • 2. The Pythagorean Theorem
  • 3. Pythagorean Distance
  • 4. Radians and Degrees
  • 5. Imaginary Numbers
  • 6. Complex Arithmetic
  • 7. Exponential Functions & e
  • 8. The Natural Logarithm (ln)
  • 9. Interest Rates
  • 10. Understanding Exponents
  • 11. Euler’s Formula
  • 12. Introduction To Calculus
  • Afterword
• A bonus chapter on Euler's Formula, tying the above concepts together
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• Students: Save hours of frustration -- get things as I wish they were explained to me.
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• Self-learners: Go back and understand concepts at a level rarely discussed in textbooks or classrooms.

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But that’s all me, me, me.

My friends at slinkset let you make a custom news site to share, vote and comment on articles. I’ve always enjoyed the per-article discussions in the comments here, but they’re constrained to specific topics — why not share any link or topic?

Enter links.betterexplained.com. It’s a repository of links and explanations that gave you that “aha” moment. What can you do?

• Read good explanations. When I’m learning a new topic I’ll privately save delicious bookmarks. Now, we can share articles that make us go “aha!” with everyone.
• Learn how to communicate well. When I find an insightful post, I think “That was awesome. How can my articles be like that?”. Usually it’s a combination of style, empathy with the reader, live examples, and useful analogies that make a subject click. Seeing a job well done is a wonderful learning tool. (If you want to learn how to write, read.).
• Share your explanations. Several readers have asked to contribute articles to the site. Right now, I’m the editing bottleneck and can barely keep up with my own posts — avoid this slowpoke and post your story! Any reader can enjoy your epiphanies and give you feedback.

I’ve put up some of my favorite articles and hope you will do the same (you can contribute anonymously). Happy math, science, business, programming…